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Peru

 
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Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors

When you kowMultiply byTo find
Millimeters0.04inches
Centimeters0.39inches
Meters3.3feet
Kilometers0.62miles
Hectares2.47acres
Square kilometers0.39square miles
Cubic meters35.3cubic feet
Liters0.26gallons
Kilograms2.2pounds
Metric tons0.98long tons
1.1short tons
2,204pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)1.8 and add 32degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Total Population and Annual Population Change in Peru, 1530-1990

YearTotal PopulationAnnual Population ChangePercentage of change
1530116,000,000- 2,285,714-7.1
15488,285,000- 428,611-2.6
15702,738,500- 252,114-3.0
16503,030,0003,6440.1
17961,076,122- 13,3820.5
18252,488,00048,6854.5
18361,373,736- 97,660-3.9
18502,001,20344,8193.2
18622,487,91640,5592.0
18762,651,84011,7090.5
19406,207,96755,5642.0
19619,906,746176,1322.8
197213,572,052333,2093.3
198117,005,210381,4622.5
1990222,332,1005,326,8903.4

1Estimates for the preconquest population of Peru vary widely but in recent years have been greatly increased from the guesses of the 1950s of 3 million to 4 million based on ethnohistorical study on the impact of epidemic diseases sweeping the region beginning in about 1524. Recent estimates for the population in the territory covering present-day Peru range from 12 million to 30 million.
2Estimated.

Source: Based on information from Henry F. Dobyns and Paul L. Doughty, Peru: A Cultural History, New York, 1976, 298-99; and Peru, Instituto Nacional Estadística, Población total proyectada al 30 junio de 1990, Lima, 1989, 67.

Table 3. Total Population and Annual Population Change in Lima, 1614-1990

YearTotal PopulationAnnual Population ChangePercentage of Change
161424,441n.a.n.a.
170037,2591260.5
179652,6271600.4
183655,627750.1
185794,1951,8373.3
186289,434- 952-1.0
1876100,1567660.8
1891103,9562530.2
1898113,4091,3501.3
1903130,0893,3362.9
1908140,8842,1591.7
19081172,927n.a.n.a.
1920223,8074,2402.5
1931373,87513,6426.1
1940562,88513,1889.4
19611,632,37050,9289.0
19723,002,043124,5167.6
19814,164,597129,5164.3
199026,414,500249,9896.0

n.a.--not available.
1Province of Lima. After 1908 population growth and settlement size made the province the unit for measurement.
2Estimated.

Source: Based on information from Henry F. Dobyns and Paul L. Doughty, Peru: A Cultural History, New York, 1976, 298-99; and Peru, Instituto Nacional Estadística, Población total proyectada al 30 de junio de 1990, Lima, 1989, 67.

Table 4. Population and Percentage Growth of Major Cities, Census Years 1961-90

(in thousands)
City196119721981 1990Percentage Growth (1961-90)
Lima and Callao1,6413,3944,8366,414290
Arequipa158304447634301
Trujillo103241355531415
Chiclayo95189280426348
Cusco79120182275248
Piura72126186324350
Huancayo64115165207152
Chimbote59159216296401
Iquitos57111185269359
Ica4973111152210
Sullana346080113229
Tacna275592150473
Talara27295789229
Pucallpa265792129396
Puno24416690275
Huánuco24415386258
Ayacucho233468101339
Cajamarca22376092318
Huacho22364287278
Pisco22415377250
Pasco21477276211
Juliaca203877121505

Table 5. Total Population and Urban-Rural Breakdown by Department, 1990*

(in thousands)
UrbanRural Total
DepartmentNumberPercentageNumb erPercentagePopulation
Amazonas111.133.1224.266.9335.3
Ancash586.359.6396.940.4983.2
Apurímac105.628.4266.171.6371.7
Arequipa818.484.8146.615.2965.0
Ayacucho236.841.8329.658.2566.4
Cajamarca298.123.5972.576.51,270.6
Callao582.098.96.61.1588.6
Cusco465.444.7576.455.31,041.8
Huancavelica107.528.6268.271.4375.7
Huánuco234.338.5374.961.5609.2
Ica464.585.678.414.4542.9
Junin688.761.8424.938.21,113.6
La Libertad878.070.6365.529.41,243.5
Lambayeque741.079.2194.320.8935.3
Lima6,490.296.8217.13.26,707.3
Loreto387.659.3266.540.7654.1
Madre de Dios27.656.321.443.749.0
Moquegua111.783.322.416.7134.1
Pasco176.262.3106.737.7282.9
Piura977.665.4516.734.61,494.3
Puno392.038.3631.561.71,023.5
San Martín270.458.8189.641.2460.0
Tacna178.184.931.715.1209.8
Tumbes116.881.027.419.0144.2
Ucayali153.466.776.733.3230.1
PERU15,599.369.96,732.830.122,332.1

*Projected figures.

Source: Based on information from Peru, Instituto Nacional Estadística, Población total proyectada al 30 de junio de 1990, Lima, 1989.

Table 6. Distribution of Population by Region, Census Years 1940-90

(in percentages)
YearCoastHighlandsSelva Total
1940256213100
196139529100
1972454411100
198151418100
1990*533611100

*Estimated.

Source: Based on information from Peru, Instituto Nacional Estadística, Población total proyectada al 30 de junio de 1990, Lima, 1989, 54; and Peru, Instituto Nacional Estadística, Censos nacionales de VII de población, 1981, Lima, 1981, 45.

Table 7. Education Statistics by Level, 1988

LevelNumber of SchoolsEnrollmentNumber of TeachersStudent-Teacher Ratio
Primary27,6263,864,900126,11730.6
Secondary5,4621,801,08080,27322.4
Vocational1,288216,9208,70724.9
University46431,04024,91117.3
PERU34,4226,313,940240,008n.a.

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Peru, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Perú: Compendio estadístico, Lima, 1987; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1991 Book of the Year, Chicago, 1991; and United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990, Santiago, Chile, 1991.

Table 8. Literacy by Urban-Rural Breakdown, Region, and Sex, 1989

(in percentages)
MalesFemalesTotal
Urban-rural breakdown
Urban5050100
Rural6238100
Region
Coast5149100
Highlands5842100
Selva5941100
Metropolitan Lima5050100
PERU*5347100

*Figures differ sharply from reported 1990 estimated literacy rate of 85 percent (male, 92 percent; female, 80 percent).

Source: Based on information from Peru, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Perú: Compendio estadístico, Lima, 1987; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1991 Book of the Year, Chicago, 1991; and United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990, Santiago, Chile, 1991.

Table 9. Medical Personnel, Hospitals, and Hospital Beds by Department, 1987

(per 10,000 persons)
DepartmentPhysiciansNursesHosp itals*Hospital Beds
Amazonas0.40.4934.3
Ancash2.51.423211.5
Apurímac0.41.1836.1
Arequipa12.519.324822.8
Ayacucho0.61.81767.2
Cajamarca0.72.01492.9
Callaon.a.9.65530.4
Cusco1.85.720110.3
Huancavelica0.41.01566.4
Huánuco1.82.61137.2
Ica10.56.09821.7
Junín2.67.825313.5
La Libertad10.47.420913.1
Lambayeque5.28.27313.7
Lima23.813.162024.9
Loreto2.63.419518.5
Madre de Dios2.82.63519.8
Moquegua9.611.05230.0
Pasco3.73.011421.4
Piura2.72.21689.3
Puno0.92.52317.3
San Martín1.00.62449.4
Tacna5.612.04923.6
Tumbes1.62.14612.3
Ucayali1.90.54810.3
PERU9.57.4n.a.16.0
(Total number)20,19815,4643,94132,326

n.a.--not available.
*General hospitals, infant hospitals, and clinics.

Source: Based on information from Peru, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Perú: Compendio estadístico, Lima, 1987.

Table 10. Health Indicators, 1975-90

Heath Indicator19751980-851985- 90
Public health expenditure per capita1n.a.n.a.17.90
Average calories per capita2,2632,1442,277
Food supply as percentage of FAO recommendation21009993
Access to potable water3475252
Life expectancy at birth55.558.662.2
Birth rate440.536.734.3
Mortality rate412.810.79.2

n.a.--not available.
1In United States dollars.
2FAO--Food and Agriculture Organization.
3In percentages.
4Per 1,000 population.

Table 11. Production of Major Agricultural Crops, 1970, 1980, and 1990

(in thousands of tons)
Crop197019801990
Bananasn.a.684656
Coffee658680
Corn615493621
Cotton248265239
Potatoes1,9291,3801,190
Rice587411966
Sugar7,5915,5986,083
Wheat1257795

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Richard Webb and Graciela Fernández Baca (eds.), Perú en números, 1990, Lima, 1990, 438-59.

Table 12. Major Manufacturing Branches: Value Added, 1988, and Percentage Change, 1980-88

BranchValue Added, 1988 (in percentages)Percentage Change, 1980-88
Food processing30.622.5
Textiles and leather14.2-7.9
Wood and furniture6.037.7
Paper5.70.0
Chemicals12.514.5
Nonmetal finished products5.948.5
Base metals13.9- 21.7
Metal products9.5-7.0
Other1.7- 11.6
ALL MANUFACTURING100.04.8

Source: Based on information from Peru, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Evolución de la economía peruana, Lima, November 1989, 95.

Table 13. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Sector, 1950-60 and 1990*

(in percentages)
Sector1950-601990
Agriculture and fishing2214
Manufacturing2022
Mining211
Construction97
Services4337
Government49
TOTAL100100

*Output evaluated at current prices in each period.

Source: Averages for 1950-60 based on information from World Bank, World Tables, Washington, 1983; data for 1990 from Banco Central de Reserva del Perú, Memoria 1990, Lima, 1991.

Table 14. Production of Crude Petroleum, 1980-90

(in thousands of barrels)
YearProductionYear Production
198071.4198664.8
198170.4198759.7
198271.2198851.7
198362.5198947.6
198467.4199047.1
198568.8

Source: Based on information from Richard Webb and Graciela Fernández Baca (eds.), Perú en números, 1990, Lima, 1990, 521.

Table 15. Principal Trading Partners, 1980 and 1990

(in millions of United States dollars)
19801990
CountryExportsImportsExportsImports
United States1,2271,043732792
Japan33625120363
West Germany256192267165
Britain1479516976
Brazil11795129146
Ecuador92153247
Colombia82289572
Chile59485169
Argentina519929204
France43456142
Spain24454224

Source: Based on information from Richard Webb and Graciela Fernández Baca (eds.), Perú en números, 1990, Lima, 1990, 942, 944, 962, and 963.

Table 16. Major Exports, 1970 and 1990

19701990
Value 1PercentageValue1 Percentage
Traditional
Copper25224.473222.3
Iron727.0571.7
Silver292.8792.4
Lead636.11825.6
Zinc494.741212.6
Petroleum products70.72638.0
Fishmeal30329.334110.4
Coffee444.3973.0
Other18117.51394.2
Total traditional1,00096.82,30270.2
Nontraditional
Manufactures191.862819.2
Other151.534610.6
Total nontraditional343.397429.8
TOTAL21,034100.03,276100.0

1In millions of United States dollars.
2Figures may not add to total because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Richard Webb and Graciela Fernández Baca (eds.), Perú en números, 1990, Lima, 1990, 922-23 and 931.

Table 17. Composition of Labor Force by Sector, 1950, 1980, and 1990

(in percentages)
Sector195019801990
Agriculture and fishing594034
Mining222
Manufacturing131210
Construction344
Services234250
TOTAL100100100

Source: Based on information from Rosemary Thorp and Geoffrey Bertram, Peru 1890-1977, New York, 1978, 259; and Richard Webb and Graciela Fernández Baca (eds.), Perú en números, 1990, Lima, 1990, 303.

Table 18. Distribution of Income by Quintile, 1972 and 1985

(in percentages)
Quintile19721985
Highest61.051.9
Second21.021.5
Third11.013.7
Fourth5.18.5
Lowest1.94.4
TOTAL100.0100.0

Source: Based on information from World Bank, World Development Report, 1989, Washington, 1989, 223; and World Bank, World Development Report, 1990, Washington, 1990, 236.

Table 19. Results of Municipal Elections, 1980-89

(in percentages)
Party1980198319861989
Lima
AP134.811.9n.a.n.a.
APRA216.327.237.611.5
ASI3n.a.n.a.n.a.2.2
Fredemo4n.a.n.a.n.a.26.8
IU528.336.534.811.5
Obras6n.a.n.a.n.a.45.2
PPC720.621.226.9n.a.
Total Lima100.096.899.397.2
Nationwide8
AP35.815.0n.a.n.a.
APRA22.634.042.017.0
ASIn.a.n.a.n.a.0.7
Fredemon.a.n.a.n.a.30.0
IU23.930.032.015.0
PPC10.910.09.0n.a.
Othern.a.n.a.n.a.25.0
Total nationwide93.289.083.087.7

n.a.--not available.
1Acción Popular (Popular Action).
2Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance).
3Acuerdo Socialista (Socialist Accord).
4Frente Democrático (Democratic Front).
5Izquierda Unida (United Left).
6Movimiento Independiente de Obras (Independent Obras Movement).
7Partido Popular Cristiano (Popular Christian Party).
8Preliminary results. Release of official figures long delayed.

Table 20. Results of National Elections, 1985

Percentage of Votes Number of Seats
PartyCandidateSenateC hamber of Deputies
AP1Luis Alva Castro6.4510
APRA2Alan García Pérez47.832107
CODE3Luis Bedoya Reyes12.2812
IU4Alfonso Barrantes Lingán22.21548
Others5n.a.2.603
Null and blank6n.a.8.800
TOTAL100.060180

n.a.--not available.
1Acción Popular (Popular Action).
2Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance).
3Confederación Democrática (Democratic Confederation), consisting of Popular Christian Party (Partido Popular Cristiano--PPC) and Hayaist Movement (Movimiento de Bases Hayaistas--MBH).
4Izquierda Unida (United Left).
5Includes National Front of Workers and Peasants (Frente Nacional de Trabajadores y Campesinos--Frenatraca), Tacneño Front (Frente Tacneñista), and Nationalist Left (Izquierda Nacionalista).
6Null and blank vote was half the average of the first four elections. Null means ballots were nullified for some reason, e.g., defaced, and blank means ballots were not filled out.

Table 21. Results of National Elections, 1990

Percentage of VotesNumber of Seats
PartyCandidateFirst RoundSecond RoundSenateChamber of Deputies
APRALuis Alva Castro19.62d1433
ASI2Alfonso Barrantes Lingán4.134
Cambio '903Alberto K. Fujimori24.356.51549
Fredemo4Mario Vargas Llosa28.233.92264
IU5Henry Pease García7.1518
Others6n.a.1.0112
Null and blank7n.a.14.59.600
TOTAL98.7100.060180

n.a.--not available.
1Alianza Popular (Popular). 2Acuerdo Socialista Izquierdista (Leftist Socialist Accord).
3Change '90.
4Frente Democrático (Democratic Front).
5Izquierda Unida (United Left).
6Includes National Front of Workers and Peasants (Frente Nacional de Trabajadores y Campesinos--Frenatraca), Tacneño Front (Frente Tacneñista), and Nationalist Left (Izquierda Nacionalista).
8Null and blank vote was half the average of the first four elections. Null means ballots were nullified for some reason, e.g., defaced, and blank means ballots were not filled out.

Table 22. Voting Behavior in the Twelve Poorest Lima Districts, National Elections, 1980, 1985, and 1990

(in percentages)
Party198019851990
AP150.24.3n.a.
APRA216.153.613.5
ASI3n.a.n.a.5.6
Cambio '904n.a.n.a.39.6
Fredemo5n.a.n.a.22.7
IU638.931.37.1
PPC711.68.8n.a.
TOTAL116.898.088.5

n.a.--not available.
1Acción Popular (Popular Action).
2Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance).
3Acuerdo Socialista Izquierdista (Leftist Socialist Accord).
4Change '90.
5Frente Democrático (Democratic Front).
6Izquierda Unida (United Left).
7Partido Popular Cristiano (Popular Christian Party).

Table 23. Voting Behavior in the Twelve Poorest Lima Districts, Municipal Elections, 1980-89

(in percentages)
Party1980198319861989
AP1n.a.8.7n.a.n.a.
APRA220.926.541.812.4
ASI3n.a.n.a.n.a.3.0
Fredemo4n.a.n.a.n.a.16.4
IU518.249.943.915.1
Obras6n.a.n.a.n.a.49.2
PPC78.011.513.3n.a.
TOTAL47.196.699.096.1

n.a.--not available.
1Acción Popular (Popular Action).
2Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance).
3Acuerdo Socialista Izquierdista (Leftist Socialist Accord).
4Frente Democrático (Democratic Front).
5Izquierda Unida (United Left).
6Movimiento Independiente de Obras (Independent Works Movement).
7Partido Popular Cristiano (Popular Christian Party).

Table 24. Major Army Equipment, 1992

Type and DescriptionCountry of OriginIn Inventory
Main battle tanks
T-54, T-55, T-62Soviet Union300
Light tanks
AMX-13France110
Armored reconnaissance vehicles
M-8 (M-200 version)United States60
Fiat 6616Italy20
BRDM-2Soviet Union15
Armored personnel carriers
M-113United States300
UR-416West Germany225
Artillery
Model M-116, 75mmUnited States12
Model 56 pack, 105mm-do-50
M-101, 105mm-do-130
D-30, 122mmn.a.30
BM-21, 122mmn.a.14
M-46, 130mmSoviet Union30
M-54, 130mm BoforsSweden30
M-114, 155mmUnited States36
M-109A2, 155mm-do-12
Mk F3, 155mmFrance12
Mortars
81mmn.a.n.a.
107mmn.a.n.a.
120mm BrandtFrance300
Recoilless rifles
M-40A1, 105mm and 106mmUnited Statesn.a.
Antiaircraft guns
ZSU-23-4, 23mmSoviet Union35
Towed, 40mm Bofors L60, 70Sweden40
Surface-to-air missiles
SA-3SA-712
Aircraft
Cessna 182United States1
Cessna 185-do-5
Cessna U206-do-2
Cessna 337-do-1
Beech Queen Air 65-do-1
U-10-do-3
U-17-do-3
Helicopters
Bell 47G-do-2
Mi-6Soviet Union2
Mi-8-do-28
Mi-17-do-14
Aérospatiale SA-318CFrance3
SA-315France6
SA-316-do-5
SA-318-do-3
Agusta A-109Italy2

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Tecnología Militar [Bonn], No. 4, July-August 1990, 52; and The Military Balance, 1992 -1993, London, 1992, 185.

Table 25. Armed Forces Personnel Strength, Selected Years, 1829-1992

ArmyAir ForceNavy
YearPersonnelYearPersonnelYearPersonnel
18298,000192530119342,449
18415,40019276119443,500
18516,000192917519581,000
18724,500193060019707,200
18795,24119391,600197710,000
188133,50019414,639198420,500
19267,55619474,000199025,000
19309,04519809,500199222,000
193515,000199015,000
194015,273199215,000
194131,578
195132,000
196055,000
198275,000
199080,000
199275,000

Sources: Based on information from Adrian J. English, Armed Forces of Latin America, London, 1984, 366-408; and The Military Balance, 1992-1993, London, 1992, 185-86.

Table 26. Major Naval Equipment, 1992

Type and DescriptionCountry of OriginIn Inventory
Navy
Patrol and coastal combatants
Supportn.a.9
River and lake flotillasn.a.10
Missile combatants
Velarde-class fast patrol craftFrance6
Amphibious craft
Paita (former U.S.S. Terrebonne Parish class)United States4
Principal surface combatants
Cruisers
2Almirante Grau (De Ruyter class)Netherlands1
Aquirre (De Zeven Provincien class)-do-1
Destroyers
Palacios (Daring class)Britain2
Bolognesi (Friesland class)Netherlands4
Frigates
Melitón Carvajal (Lupo class)Italy4
Manuel Villavicéncio (Lupo class)- do-1
Montonero (Lupo class)-do-1
Submarines
Casma class (Type T-209 1200)West Germany6
La Pedrera (Guppy IA class)United States1
Abtao (Mackerel class)-do-3
Oceanography vessels
Unanué (former U.S.S. Sotoyomo)United States1
Carrillon.a.3
Naval Aviation
Antisubmarine warfare and marine reconnaissance aircraft
S-2En.a.4
SGn.a.4
Super King Air B 200TUnited States3
Helicopters
Bell AB-212 ASW-do-6
SH-3D Sea King-do-6
UH-1D-do-6
SA-319 Alouette IIIFrance2
Transport
C-47 DakotaUnited States5
C-47 Hercules-do-2
Liaison
Bell 206B-do-4
Training
Cessna 150-do-2
Beech T-34C-do-5

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1992 -1993, London, 1992, 185-86.

Table 27. Major Air Force Equipment, 1992

Type and DescriptionCountry of OriginIn Inventory
Bombers
Canberra B-2Britain30
Attack group aircraft
Sukhoi Su-22 FitterSoviet Union41
Cessna A-37B DragonflyUnited States25
Fixed-wing fighters
Mirage 2000PFrance10
Mirage DP-do-2
Mirage 5P-do-14
Trainers
Cessna 150United States2
Cessna T-37B, C-do- 25
Cessna T-41A, A, D Mescalero-do-35
EMB-312 TucanoBrazil29
Aermacchi MB-339AItaly13
SU-22 UtiSoviet Union4
Tankers
Boeing KC 707-323CUnited States1
Transports
An-26Soviet Unionn.a.
An-32-do-14
C-130AUnited States4
C-130D-do-6
Lockheed L-100-20-do-5
DC-8-62F-do-2
DHC-5 Buffalo-do-12
DHC-6 Twin Otter-do-8
Douglas C-47-do-6
FH-227 (F-27)-do-1
PC-6 Turbo PorterSwitzerland9
Harbin Y-12China6
Reconnaissance
Gates Learjet 25BUnited States2
36A Halcón (C-101)Argentina2
Presidential fleet
Fokker F-28 Mk1000Sweden1
Dessault Breguet Falcon 20FFrance1
Liaison
Beech 99United States2
Cessna 185-do-3
Cessna 320-do-1
Beech Queen Air 80-do-15
King Air 90-do-3
PA-31Tn.a.1
Liaison helicopters
UH-1D IroquoisUnited States8
Training helicopters
Bell 47G-do-12
Attack helicopters
Mi-25Soviet Union10
Helicopters
Bell 206United States8
Bell 212-do-15
Bell 214-do-5
Bell 412-do-1
MBB Bo-105CWest Germany10
Mi-6 HookSoviet Union5
Mi-8 Hip-do-5
Aérospatiale SA-316BFrance5
Aérospatiale Alouette III-do-10
Missiles
AS-30n.a.n.a.
AA-2 Atolln.a.n.a.
R-550 Magicn.a.n.a.
SA-2Soviet Union3
SA-3-do-6
Missile launchers
SA-2-do-18
SA-3-do-24

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1992- 1993, London, 1992, 186; and Tecnología Militar [Bonn], No. 4, 1990, 52.

Peru - TABLE OF CONTENTS


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